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6/13/2013 » 6/16/2013
2013 Current & Emerging Issues Symposium

MRSA in the Dental Office
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Background | More Information | Relevant Articles 


 

 


Background

MRSA is the acronym for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It causes an infection that is resistant to several common antibiotics. There are two types of infection. Hospital-associated MRSA affects patients in healthcare settings. Community-associated MRSA can be transmitted to otherwise healthy people whohave close skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, or athletes involved in football and wrestling who may contract the bacteria on a mat or piece of equipment.

Infection control is key to stopping MRSA in hospitals. To prevent community-associated MRSA, practice good hygiene. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed. Avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandages. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, washcloths, razors, or clothes. Wash soiled sheets, towels and clothes in hot water with bleach and dry in a hot dryer. (Source: National Library of Medicine)

 

 

More Information

Information about MRSA from MedlinePlusExcellent background information with relevant links.
MRSA InfectionsFrom US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
MRSA in Healthcare: Key Things You Should KnowMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to treatment with certain antibiotics. You can help protect yourself and your loved ones from MRSA by teaming up with your healthcare providers. Key tips you should know.
"Ask OSAP" Recent question from an OSAP member about MRSA 
Guidance from CDCManagement of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings - 2006
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus / MRSAInformation from the ADA.
If you only have five minutes to think about this issue, check out "Get Smart: Know when antibiotics work".This resource from the CDC includes numerous campaign materials, a quiz, information in Spanish and much more.
Hand Sanitizers Carry Unproven Claims to Prevent MRSA Infections

Some hand sanitizers and antiseptic products come with claims that they can prevent MRSA infections.

Don't believe them. These statements are unproven, says the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Dental Infection Control Update and MRSA

From the USAF Dental Evaluation & Consultation Service.
MRSA and the WorkplaceFrom NIOSH.
MDRO - Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
MRSA
From OSHA.
Precautions to Prevent the Spread of MRSA in Healthcare SettingsFrom the CDC.
About MRSA Skin InfectionsMRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a potentially dangerous type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics and may cause skin and other infections. As with all regular staph infections, recognizing the signs and receiving treatment for MRSA skin infections in the early stages reduces the chances of the infection becoming severe.

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Relevant Articles

MRSA strikes more hospital patients, study findsThe rate of MRSA infections in hospital patients has increased in recent years, according to a new study.
'Superbug' MRSA Making a Retreat in CommunitiesThe number of infections occurring in community settings, such as gyms or schools, that are caused by the so-called "superbug" MRSA are declining, according to a study of more than 9 million active and non-active military personnel and their immediate families.
MRSA Cases in Academic Hospitals Double in 5 YearsInfections caused by MRSA doubled at academic medical centers in the US between 2003 and 2008, according to a study.
The Economic Burden of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)Although decreasing transmission and infection incidence would decrease costs, even if transmission were to continue at present levels, early identification and appropriate treatment of CA-MRSA infections before they progress could save considerable costs.
NIH Scientists Link Quickly Spreading Gene to Asian MRSA EpidemicNational Institutes of Health (NIH) scientists and their colleagues in China have described a rapidly emerging Staphylococcus aureus gene, called sasX, which plays a pivotal role in establishing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) epidemics in most of Asia. Senior author Michael Otto, PhD, of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says these findings illustrate at the molecular level how MRSA epidemics may emerge and spread. Moreover, their study identifies a potential target for novel therapeutics.
Dentures' Biofilm Eradicated by CHG, Microwave IrradiationResearchers in Brazil say that biofilms growing on dentures can be eradicated by a dip in CHG and by microwave irradiation. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm on dentures can be aspirated, thus causing infections such as aspiration pneumonia. The researchers evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectant solutions and microwave irradiation in disinfecting complete dentures contaminated with MRSA.
Live Experiment Shows That MRSA Dies on Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has met its match against antimicrobial copper. A live webcast experiment (http://www.antimicrobialtouchsurface.com/) demonstrated that antimicrobial copper effectively kills MRSA within two hours while it readily survives on stainless steel.
Stop MRSA - International MRSA Testing Week, April 1-7
MRSA Survivors Network, a global leader in raising awareness for the MRSA epidemic launches International MRSA Testing Week, April 1-7th with the support of their alliance partner MRSA Action UK. International MRSA Testing Week is an annual designated observance for active detection (screening) for MRSA colonization of high risk patients upon admission to a healthcare facility.
Fatal Flu Cluster in Maryland Highlights DangerousRecently, a cluster of 3 deaths and 1 case of severe pneumonia were reported in a single family in Calvert County, Maryland. Diagnostic testing confirmed influenza H3N2 in all 4 patients and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in at least 2. While it is unusual to see such a dramatic cluster of severe disease in one family, death from H3N2 influenza complicated by secondary MRSA pneumonia is not surprising. S. aureus, including MRSA, is well known to complicate influenza. During the 1968 H3N2 influenza pandemic, S. aureus pneumonia was a lethal cofactor in many cases.
MRSA Infection Rates Decline From Infection Control CertificationA new study, in the March issue of the American Journal of Infection Control , reveals that hospitals with a board certified director in infection prevention and control have substantially lower rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSI), compared to hospitals that are not led by a certified professional. MRSA is a form of staph bacteria, which is resilient to certain antibiotics and can cause serious infections.
Study suggests use of antimicrobial scrubs may reduce bacterial burden on health care worker apparelThe use of antimicrobial impregnated scrubs combined with good hand hygiene is effective in reducing the burden of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) on health care workers’ apparel and may potentially play a role in decreasing the risk of MRSA transmission to patients, according to a new study from Virginia Commonwealth University researchers.
Researchers Explore MRSA Prevalence in EuropeDuring the past two decades, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become increasingly common as a source of nosocomial infections. Most studies of MRSA surveillance were performed during outbreaks, so that results are not applicable to settings in which MRSA is endemic.
MRSA: From a Nosocomial Pathogen to an Omnipresent Source of Infection
The total incidence of nosocomial MRSA infections in Germany has stabilized after a substantial rise in the 1990s. Important risk factors for the acquisition of CA-MRSA include travel to high-prevalence areas, such as the United States, and close contact with people who are infected with CA-MRSA. The identification of individual areas with an increased prevalence of CA-MRSA in Europe does, however, make the occurrence of CA-MRSA increasingly likely.
MRSA and Surfaces in a Dental School
This is the first study to characterize MRSA from dental clinicsurfaces and dental students and suggests that both may be reservoirs for MRSA. Further studies are needed to verify this premise.
MRSA ResearchFrom the ADA.
Flu Can Be Fatal in Children With MRSAA nationwide study has found that previously healthy children hospitalized with flu were significantly more likely to die if they were also infected with MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The findings are important because MRSA, which can cause skin and internal infections, is a growing concern among healthy children.
New Type of MRSA in Hospitalized Patients Probably of Animal OriginA distinctly new type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that is not detected by traditional genetic screening methods has been discovered in patients in Irish hospitals according to research to be published in the August issue of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. These findings provide significant insights into how new MRSA strains emerge and highlight the potential for the transmission of infectious agents from animals to humans.
9 CDC Recommendations to Prevent MRSAThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention makes the following nine recommendations to prevent MRSA.
4 Risk Factors for MRSA Colonization in Pediatric PatientsResearchers have determined four risk factors for MRSA colonization in patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units.
Mapping MRSA's Family TreePresent-day methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) might have been worse if it had descended directly from a 1950s version of the bug, according to a study co-authored by Barry N. Kreiswirth, PhD, a professor at the Public Health Research Institute of UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
MRSA in US becoming resistant to over the counter ointment
Frequent use of over-the-counter anti-bacterial ointments in the United States may be leading to a new, antimicrobial resistant strain of MRSA, a study published Wednesday in Emerging Infectious Diseases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s monthly peer-reviewed journal.
Hand Sanitizers Carry Unproven Claims to Prevent MRSA Infections

Some hand sanitizers and antiseptic products come with claims that they can prevent MRSA infections.

Don't believe them. These statements are unproven, says the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Study: Residential Washers May Not Kill MRSA, Acinetobacter on UniformsA new study published in the November issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology shows residential washing machines may not always use water hot enough to kill MRSA and Acinetobacter, a Gram-negative bacteria, from hospital uniforms, according to a news release from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, publisher of the journal.
The Environment as an Unrecognized Reservoir for Community-Associated MRSAUSA300: A Case-Control The higher frequency of environmental contamination of case households with S. aureus in general and MRSA in particular implicates this as a potential reservoir for recolonization and increased risk of infection. Environmental colonization may contribute to the community spread of epidemic strains such as USA300.
Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the dental healthcare setting: a narrative review.The occupational risk of MRSA infection among DHCPs is minimal. Among special patients (eg, special care, hospitalized, and cancer patients) the risk of infection is high, whereas among the remaining patients undergoing conventional therapy such risk is probably low.
FDA Clears Test for Drug-Resistant Bacteria

The US Food and Drug Administrationcleared a test that can quickly determine whether an infection is caused by the drug-resistant bacteria MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Hygiene and early detection can reduce MRSA infections Growing public health concern in pediatric populations
Study: MRSA common among some dental students

Dental students in a Seattle study had very high rates of colonization with MRSA, the drug-resistant strain of staph, raising new questions about the prevalence of the bacteria outside of hospitals in community health care settings.

MRSA in the Dental Office: Infection Control in DentistryFrom Medscape.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among dental patients: a problem for infection control in dentistry? The authors assessed the frequency of carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among 500 dental patients of a university clinic.
Transmission of MRSA via dental operatory surfacesThese results suggest that MRSA contaminates the surfaces of the dental operatory, and therefore the dental operatory should be considered a possible reservoir of MRSA.
Contaminated SurfacesPreventing crosscontamination and identifying the source of these pathogens are key in reducing exposure to and transmission of these organisms.
New Type of MRSA in Hospitalized Patients Probably of Animal Origin A distinctly new type of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that is not detected by traditional genetic screening methods has been discovered in patients.
MRSA Discovered On Braces, UK A recent study has revealed some of the bacteria found on orthodontic retainers, worn after orthodontic treatment is completed, can be associated with the hospital superbug MRSA, a condition which can lead to blood poisoning.

MRSA Threat at the Gym May be Exaggerated, Study Asserts

Community gym surfaces do not appear to be reservoirs for MRSA transmission, according to a study published in the March issue of the American Journal of Infection Control, the official publication of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology.

IDSA Issues First Guideline on MRSA TreatmentClinicians treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections may now refer to an authoritative practice guideline issued by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Staph Infections Growing Exponentially In ChildrenAn Infection control specialist says cases of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) are growing among children.
APIC Launches Round Two of MRSA Prevalence Survey

As a follow-up to its national MRSA prevalence study conducted in 2006, the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology has launched the "2010 National U.S. Inpatient Healthcare Facility Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevalence Survey."

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Primer for DentistsThe authors describe the history of MRSA; identify populationsat greatest risk of experiencing MRSA colonization and infection;compare characteristics of MRSA infections occurring in healthcare and community settings; and summarize strategies, basedon U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendationsand the literature, to prevent transmission of MRSA in dentaloffices.
Bacterial aerosols in dental practice- a potential hospital infection problem?Aerosols containing microbes from the oral cavity of the patient are created when using modern high-speed rotating instruments in restorative dentistry. How far these aerosols spread and what level of contamination they cause in the dental surgery has become a growing concern as the number of patients with oro-nasal meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization has increased. The present study aimed to determine how far airborne bacteria spread during dental treatment, and the level of contamination.
Nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via the surfaces of the dental operatoryA survey of MRSA contamination on the surfaces of the dental operatory, and an analysis of MRSA transmission via the dental operatory between patients was carried out in the department of special dental care and oral surgery.
Susceptibility of MRSA to DisinfectantsIn vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA to four disinfectants. This 1997 study is by the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University, School of Dentistry. Investigators tested four skin disinfectants (povidone iodine, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate and ethanol) to prevent the horizontal transmission of MRSA in the dental office.
APIC: National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at US health care facilities, 2006Our survey documents a much higher MRSA prevalence rate than previous studies using different methodologies. The majority of MRSA in inpatients appears to be HA-MRSA. Given that most facilities did not perform active surveillance testing, these are minimum estimates of the national burden of MRSA in US health care facilities.

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